feat: macOS VoiceProcessingIO for hardware AEC + delay-compensated NLMS

- Add --os-aec flag: uses Apple VoiceProcessingIO audio unit for
  hardware echo cancellation (same engine as FaceTime)
- New vpio feature + audio_vpio.rs: combined capture+playback via VPIO
- Improved software AEC: delay-compensated leaky NLMS with Geigel DTD
  (60ms tail, 40ms delay, configurable via --aec-delay)
- Add --aec-delay flag for tuning software AEC delay compensation
- Add dev-fast Cargo profile (opt-level 2 with incremental compilation)

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

Cargo.lock

@@ -4212,6 +4212,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "async-trait",
  "bytes",
  "chrono",
+ "coreaudio-rs",
  "cpal",
  "libc",
  "rustls",

crates/wzp-client/Cargo.toml

@@ -23,11 +23,13 @@ serde_json = "1"
 chrono = "0.4"
 rustls = { version = "0.23", default-features = false, features = ["ring", "std"] }
 cpal = { version = "0.15", optional = true }
+coreaudio-rs = { version = "0.11", optional = true }
 libc = "0.2"
 
 [features]
 default = []
 audio = ["cpal"]
+vpio = ["coreaudio-rs"]
 
 [[bin]]
 name = "wzp-client"

crates/wzp-client/src/audio_vpio.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+//! macOS Voice Processing I/O — uses Apple's VoiceProcessingIO audio unit
+//! for hardware-accelerated echo cancellation, AGC, and noise suppression.
+//!
+//! VoiceProcessingIO is a combined input+output unit that knows what's going
+//! to the speaker, so it can cancel the echo from the mic signal internally.
+//! This is the same engine FaceTime and other Apple apps use.
+
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use anyhow::Context;
+use coreaudio::audio_unit::audio_format::LinearPcmFlags;
+use coreaudio::audio_unit::render_callback::{self, data};
+use coreaudio::audio_unit::{AudioUnit, Element, IOType, SampleFormat, Scope, StreamFormat};
+use coreaudio::sys;
+use tracing::info;
+
+use crate::audio_ring::AudioRing;
+
+/// Number of samples per 20 ms frame at 48 kHz mono.
+pub const FRAME_SAMPLES: usize = 960;
+
+/// Combined capture + playback via macOS VoiceProcessingIO.
+///
+/// The OS handles AEC internally — no manual far-end feeding needed.
+pub struct VpioAudio {
+    capture_ring: Arc<AudioRing>,
+    playout_ring: Arc<AudioRing>,
+    _audio_unit: AudioUnit,
+    running: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+}
+
+impl VpioAudio {
+    /// Start VoiceProcessingIO with AEC enabled.
+    pub fn start() -> Result<Self, anyhow::Error> {
+        let capture_ring = Arc::new(AudioRing::new());
+        let playout_ring = Arc::new(AudioRing::new());
+        let running = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(true));
+
+        let mut au = AudioUnit::new(IOType::VoiceProcessingIO)
+            .context("failed to create VoiceProcessingIO audio unit")?;
+
+        // Must uninitialize before configuring properties.
+        au.uninitialize()
+            .context("failed to uninitialize VPIO for configuration")?;
+
+        // Enable input (mic) on Element::Input (bus 1).
+        let enable: u32 = 1;
+        au.set_property(
+            sys::kAudioOutputUnitProperty_EnableIO,
+            Scope::Input,
+            Element::Input,
+            Some(&enable),
+        )
+        .context("failed to enable VPIO input")?;
+
+        // Output (speaker) is enabled by default on VPIO, but be explicit.
+        au.set_property(
+            sys::kAudioOutputUnitProperty_EnableIO,
+            Scope::Output,
+            Element::Output,
+            Some(&enable),
+        )
+        .context("failed to enable VPIO output")?;
+
+        // Configure stream format: 48kHz mono f32 non-interleaved
+        let stream_format = StreamFormat {
+            sample_rate: 48_000.0,
+            sample_format: SampleFormat::F32,
+            flags: LinearPcmFlags::IS_FLOAT
+                | LinearPcmFlags::IS_PACKED
+                | LinearPcmFlags::IS_NON_INTERLEAVED,
+            channels: 1,
+        };
+
+        let asbd = stream_format.to_asbd();
+
+        // Input: set format on Output scope of Input element
+        // (= the format the AU delivers to us from the mic)
+        au.set_property(
+            sys::kAudioUnitProperty_StreamFormat,
+            Scope::Output,
+            Element::Input,
+            Some(&asbd),
+        )
+        .context("failed to set input stream format")?;
+
+        // Output: set format on Input scope of Output element
+        // (= the format we feed to the AU for the speaker)
+        au.set_property(
+            sys::kAudioUnitProperty_StreamFormat,
+            Scope::Input,
+            Element::Output,
+            Some(&asbd),
+        )
+        .context("failed to set output stream format")?;
+
+        // Set up input callback (mic capture with AEC applied)
+        let cap_ring = capture_ring.clone();
+        let cap_running = running.clone();
+        let logged = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+        au.set_input_callback(
+            move |args: render_callback::Args<data::NonInterleaved<f32>>| {
+                if !cap_running.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+                let mut buffers = args.data.channels();
+                if let Some(ch) = buffers.next() {
+                    if !logged.swap(true, Ordering::Relaxed) {
+                        eprintln!("[vpio] capture callback: {} f32 samples", ch.len());
+                    }
+                    let mut tmp = [0i16; FRAME_SAMPLES];
+                    for chunk in ch.chunks(FRAME_SAMPLES) {
+                        let n = chunk.len();
+                        for i in 0..n {
+                            tmp[i] = (chunk[i].clamp(-1.0, 1.0) * i16::MAX as f32) as i16;
+                        }
+                        cap_ring.write(&tmp[..n]);
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            },
+        )
+        .context("failed to set input callback")?;
+
+        // Set up output callback (speaker playback — AEC uses this as reference)
+        let play_ring = playout_ring.clone();
+        au.set_render_callback(
+            move |mut args: render_callback::Args<data::NonInterleaved<f32>>| {
+                let mut buffers = args.data.channels_mut();
+                if let Some(ch) = buffers.next() {
+                    let mut tmp = [0i16; FRAME_SAMPLES];
+                    for chunk in ch.chunks_mut(FRAME_SAMPLES) {
+                        let n = chunk.len();
+                        let read = play_ring.read(&mut tmp[..n]);
+                        for i in 0..read {
+                            chunk[i] = tmp[i] as f32 / i16::MAX as f32;
+                        }
+                        for i in read..n {
+                            chunk[i] = 0.0;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            },
+        )
+        .context("failed to set render callback")?;
+
+        au.initialize().context("failed to initialize VoiceProcessingIO")?;
+        au.start().context("failed to start VoiceProcessingIO")?;
+
+        info!("VoiceProcessingIO started (OS-level AEC enabled)");
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            capture_ring,
+            playout_ring,
+            _audio_unit: au,
+            running,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn capture_ring(&self) -> &Arc<AudioRing> {
+        &self.capture_ring
+    }
+
+    pub fn playout_ring(&self) -> &Arc<AudioRing> {
+        &self.playout_ring
+    }
+
+    pub fn stop(&self) {
+        self.running.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for VpioAudio {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.stop();
+    }
+}

crates/wzp-client/src/call.rs

@@ -42,6 +42,9 @@ pub struct CallConfig {
     /// When enabled, only every 50th frame carries a full 12-byte MediaHeader;
     /// intermediate frames use a compact 4-byte MiniHeader.
     pub mini_frames_enabled: bool,
+    /// AEC far-end delay compensation in milliseconds (default: 40).
+    /// Compensates for the round-trip audio latency from playout to mic capture.
+    pub aec_delay_ms: u32,
     /// Enable adaptive jitter buffer (default: true).
     ///
     /// When true, the jitter buffer target depth is automatically adjusted
@@ -63,6 +66,7 @@ impl Default for CallConfig {
             noise_suppression: true,
             mini_frames_enabled: true,
             adaptive_jitter: true,
+            aec_delay_ms: 40,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -241,7 +245,7 @@ impl CallEncoder {
             block_id: 0,
             frame_in_block: 0,
             timestamp_ms: 0,
-            aec: EchoCanceller::new(48000, 30), // 30ms echo tail (laptop/phone)
+            aec: EchoCanceller::with_delay(48000, 60, config.aec_delay_ms),
             agc: AutoGainControl::new(),
             silence_detector: SilenceDetector::new(
                 config.silence_threshold_rms,

crates/wzp-client/src/cli.rs

@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@ struct CliArgs {
     no_fec: bool,
     no_silence: bool,
     direct_playout: bool,
+    aec_delay_ms: Option<u32>,
+    os_aec: bool,
     token: Option<String>,
     _metrics_file: Option<String>,
 }
@@ -130,6 +132,8 @@ fn parse_args() -> CliArgs {
     let mut no_fec = false;
     let mut no_silence = false;
     let mut direct_playout = false;
+    let mut aec_delay_ms = None;
+    let mut os_aec = false;
     let mut token = None;
     let mut metrics_file = None;
     let mut relay_str = None;
@@ -181,6 +185,16 @@ fn parse_args() -> CliArgs {
             "--no-fec" => no_fec = true,
             "--no-silence" => no_silence = true,
             "--direct-playout" | "--android" => direct_playout = true,
+            "--os-aec" => os_aec = true,
+            "--aec-delay" => {
+                i += 1;
+                aec_delay_ms = Some(
+                    args.get(i)
+                        .expect("--aec-delay requires milliseconds")
+                        .parse()
+                        .expect("--aec-delay value must be a number"),
+                );
+            }
             "--alias" => {
                 i += 1;
                 alias = Some(args.get(i).expect("--alias requires a name").to_string());
@@ -246,7 +260,9 @@ fn parse_args() -> CliArgs {
                 eprintln!("  --no-fec              Disable forward error correction");
                 eprintln!("  --no-silence          Disable silence suppression");
                 eprintln!("  --direct-playout      Bypass jitter buffer (decode on recv, like Android)");
-                eprintln!("  --android             Alias for --no-denoise --no-aec --no-silence --direct-playout");
+                eprintln!("  --aec-delay <ms>      AEC far-end delay compensation (default: 40ms)");
+                eprintln!("  --os-aec              Use macOS VoiceProcessingIO for hardware AEC (requires --vpio feature)");
+                eprintln!("  --android             Alias for --no-denoise --no-silence --direct-playout");
                 eprintln!("  --token <token>        featherChat bearer token for relay auth");
                 eprintln!("  --metrics-file <path>  Write JSONL telemetry to file (1 line/sec)");
                 eprintln!("                         (48kHz mono s16le, play with ffplay -f s16le -ar 48000 -ch_layout mono file.raw)");
@@ -292,6 +308,8 @@ fn parse_args() -> CliArgs {
         no_fec,
         no_silence,
         direct_playout,
+        aec_delay_ms,
+        os_aec,
         token,
         _metrics_file: metrics_file,
     }
@@ -375,11 +393,13 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         {
             let audio_opts = AudioOpts {
                 no_denoise: cli.no_denoise || cli.direct_playout,
-                no_aec: cli.no_aec || cli.direct_playout, // AEC disabled by default — macOS has built-in AEC
+                no_aec: cli.no_aec,
                 no_agc: cli.no_agc,
                 no_fec: cli.no_fec,
                 no_silence: cli.no_silence || cli.direct_playout,
                 direct_playout: cli.direct_playout,
+                aec_delay_ms: cli.aec_delay_ms,
+                os_aec: cli.os_aec,
             };
             return run_live(transport, audio_opts).await;
         }
@@ -684,6 +704,8 @@ struct AudioOpts {
     no_fec: bool,
     no_silence: bool,
     direct_playout: bool,
+    aec_delay_ms: Option<u32>,
+    os_aec: bool,
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "audio")]
@@ -697,15 +719,32 @@ async fn run_live(
     use wzp_client::audio_ring::AudioRing;
     use wzp_client::call::JitterTelemetry;
 
-    let capture = AudioCapture::start()?;
+    // Audio I/O: either VPIO (OS-level AEC) or separate CPAL streams.
-    let playback = AudioPlayback::start()?;
+    #[cfg(feature = "vpio")]
-    info!("audio I/O started (lock-free ring buffers) — press Ctrl+C to stop");
+    let vpio;
+    let (capture_ring, playout_ring) = if opts.os_aec {
+        #[cfg(feature = "vpio")]
+        {
+            vpio = wzp_client::audio_vpio::VpioAudio::start()?;
+            (vpio.capture_ring().clone(), vpio.playout_ring().clone())
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "vpio"))]
+        {
+            anyhow::bail!("--os-aec requires the 'vpio' feature (build with: cargo build --features audio,vpio)");
+        }
+    } else {
+        let capture = AudioCapture::start()?;
+        let playback = AudioPlayback::start()?;
+        let cr = capture.ring().clone();
+        let pr = playback.ring().clone();
+        // Keep handles alive (streams stop when dropped)
+        std::mem::forget(capture);
+        std::mem::forget(playback);
+        (cr, pr)
+    };
+    info!(os_aec = opts.os_aec, "audio I/O started — press Ctrl+C to stop");
 
-    let capture_ring = capture.ring().clone();
+    // Far-end reference ring (only used when NOT using OS AEC).
-    let playout_ring = playback.ring().clone();
-
-    // Far-end reference ring: recv task writes decoded audio here,
-    // send task reads it to feed the AEC echo canceller.
     let farend_ring = StdArc::new(AudioRing::new());
 
     let running = StdArc::new(AtomicBool::new(true));
@@ -728,6 +767,7 @@ async fn run_live(
     let config = CallConfig {
         noise_suppression: !opts.no_denoise,
         suppression_enabled: !opts.no_silence,
+        aec_delay_ms: opts.aec_delay_ms.unwrap_or(40),
         ..CallConfig::default()
     };
     {
@@ -747,7 +787,7 @@ async fn run_live(
     let send_transport = transport.clone();
     let send_running = running.clone();
     let send_mic_muted = mic_muted.clone();
-    let no_aec = opts.no_aec;
+    let no_aec = opts.no_aec || opts.os_aec; // OS AEC replaces software AEC
     let no_agc = opts.no_agc;
     let _no_fec = opts.no_fec;
     let send_farend = farend_ring.clone();
@@ -1075,8 +1115,7 @@ async fn run_live(
     }
 
     running.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
-    capture.stop();
+    // Audio streams stop when their handles are dropped (via mem::forget above or VPIO drop).
-    playback.stop();
 
     // Give transport 2s to close gracefully, then bail
     match tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), transport.close()).await {

crates/wzp-client/src/lib.rs

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
 pub mod audio_io;
 #[cfg(feature = "audio")]
 pub mod audio_ring;
+#[cfg(feature = "vpio")]
+pub mod audio_vpio;
 pub mod bench;
 pub mod call;
 pub mod drift_test;

crates/wzp-codec/src/aec.rs

@@ -1,71 +1,127 @@
-//! Acoustic Echo Cancellation using NLMS adaptive filter.
+//! Acoustic Echo Cancellation — delay-compensated leaky NLMS with
+//! Geigel double-talk detection.
 //!
-//! Improvements over naive NLMS:
+//! Key insight: on a laptop, the round-trip audio latency (playout → speaker
-//! - Double-talk detection: freezes adaptation when near-end speech dominates,
+//! → air → mic → capture) is 30–50ms.  The far-end reference must be delayed
-//!   preventing the filter from cancelling the local speaker's voice.
+//! by this amount so the adaptive filter models the *echo path*, not the
-//! - Short default tail (30ms) tuned for laptops/phones where speaker and mic
+//! *system delay + echo path*.
-//!   are close together.
+//!
-//! - Residual suppression: attenuates output when echo estimate is confident.
+//! The leaky coefficient decay prevents the filter from diverging when the
+//! echo path changes (e.g. hand near laptop) or when the delay estimate
+//! is slightly off.
 
-/// NLMS (Normalized Least Mean Squares) adaptive filter echo canceller
+/// Delay-compensated leaky NLMS echo canceller with Geigel DTD.
-/// with double-talk detection.
 pub struct EchoCanceller {
-    filter_coeffs: Vec<f32>,
+    // --- Adaptive filter ---
+    filter: Vec<f32>,
     filter_len: usize,
-    far_end_buf: Vec<f32>,
+    /// Circular buffer of far-end reference samples (after delay).
-    far_end_pos: usize,
+    far_buf: Vec<f32>,
-    /// NLMS step size (adaptation rate).
+    far_pos: usize,
+    /// NLMS step size.
     mu: f32,
+    /// Leakage factor: coefficients are multiplied by (1 - leak) each frame.
+    /// Prevents unbounded growth / divergence.  0.0001 is gentle.
+    leak: f32,
     enabled: bool,
-    /// Running far-end power estimate (for double-talk detection).
+
-    far_power_avg: f32,
+    // --- Delay buffer ---
-    /// Running near-end power estimate (for double-talk detection).
+    /// Raw far-end samples before delay compensation.
-    near_power_avg: f32,
+    delay_ring: Vec<f32>,
-    /// Smoothing factor for power estimates.
+    delay_write: usize,
-    power_alpha: f32,
+    delay_read: usize,
-    /// Double-talk threshold: if near/far power ratio exceeds this,
+    /// Delay in samples (e.g. 1920 = 40ms at 48kHz).
-    /// freeze adaptation to protect near-end speech.
+    delay_samples: usize,
-    dt_threshold: f32,
+    /// Capacity of the delay ring.
-    /// Residual echo suppression factor (0.0 = none, 1.0 = full).
+    delay_cap: usize,
-    suppress: f32,
+
+    // --- Double-talk detection (Geigel) ---
+    /// Peak far-end level over the last filter_len samples.
+    far_peak: f32,
+    /// Geigel threshold: if |near| > threshold * far_peak, assume double-talk.
+    geigel_threshold: f32,
+    /// Holdover counter: keep DTD active for a few frames after detection.
+    dtd_holdover: u32,
+    dtd_hold_frames: u32,
 }
 
 impl EchoCanceller {
     /// Create a new echo canceller.
     ///
     /// * `sample_rate` — typically 48000
-    /// * `filter_ms`   — echo-tail length in milliseconds (30ms recommended for laptops)
+    /// * `filter_ms`   — echo-tail length in milliseconds (60ms recommended)
+    /// * `delay_ms`    — far-end delay compensation in milliseconds (40ms for laptops)
     pub fn new(sample_rate: u32, filter_ms: u32) -> Self {
+        Self::with_delay(sample_rate, filter_ms, 40)
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_delay(sample_rate: u32, filter_ms: u32, delay_ms: u32) -> Self {
         let filter_len = (sample_rate as usize) * (filter_ms as usize) / 1000;
+        let delay_samples = (sample_rate as usize) * (delay_ms as usize) / 1000;
+        // Delay ring must hold at least delay_samples + one frame (960) of headroom.
+        let delay_cap = delay_samples + (sample_rate as usize / 10); // +100ms headroom
         Self {
-            filter_coeffs: vec![0.0f32; filter_len],
+            filter: vec![0.0; filter_len],
             filter_len,
-            far_end_buf: vec![0.0f32; filter_len],
+            far_buf: vec![0.0; filter_len],
-            far_end_pos: 0,
+            far_pos: 0,
-            mu: 0.005,
+            mu: 0.01,
+            leak: 0.0001,
             enabled: true,
-            far_power_avg: 0.0,
+
-            near_power_avg: 0.0,
+            delay_ring: vec![0.0; delay_cap],
-            power_alpha: 0.01,
+            delay_write: 0,
-            dt_threshold: 4.0,
+            delay_read: 0,
-            suppress: 0.6,
+            delay_samples,
+            delay_cap,
+
+            far_peak: 0.0,
+            geigel_threshold: 0.7,
+            dtd_holdover: 0,
+            dtd_hold_frames: 5,
         }
     }
 
-    /// Feed far-end (speaker/playback) samples into the circular buffer.
+    /// Feed far-end (speaker) samples.  These go into the delay buffer first;
-    ///
+    /// once enough samples have accumulated, they are released to the filter's
-    /// Must be called with the audio that was played out through the speaker
+    /// circular buffer with the correct delay offset.
-    /// *before* the corresponding near-end frame is processed.
     pub fn feed_farend(&mut self, farend: &[i16]) {
+        // Write raw samples into the delay ring.
         for &s in farend {
-            self.far_end_buf[self.far_end_pos] = s as f32;
+            self.delay_ring[self.delay_write % self.delay_cap] = s as f32;
-            self.far_end_pos = (self.far_end_pos + 1) % self.filter_len;
+            self.delay_write += 1;
+        }
+
+        // Release delayed samples to the filter's far-end buffer.
+        while self.delay_available() >= 1 {
+            let sample = self.delay_ring[self.delay_read % self.delay_cap];
+            self.delay_read += 1;
+
+            self.far_buf[self.far_pos] = sample;
+            self.far_pos = (self.far_pos + 1) % self.filter_len;
+
+            // Track peak far-end level for Geigel DTD.
+            let abs_s = sample.abs();
+            if abs_s > self.far_peak {
+                self.far_peak = abs_s;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Decay far_peak slowly (avoids stale peak from a loud burst long ago).
+        self.far_peak *= 0.9995;
+    }
+
+    /// Number of delayed samples available to release.
+    fn delay_available(&self) -> usize {
+        let buffered = self.delay_write - self.delay_read;
+        if buffered > self.delay_samples {
+            buffered - self.delay_samples
+        } else {
+            0
         }
     }
 
     /// Process a near-end (microphone) frame, removing the estimated echo.
-    ///
-    /// Returns the echo-return-loss enhancement (ERLE) as a ratio.
     pub fn process_frame(&mut self, nearend: &mut [i16]) -> f32 {
         if !self.enabled {
             return 1.0;
@@ -74,31 +130,33 @@ impl EchoCanceller {
         let n = nearend.len();
         let fl = self.filter_len;
 
-        // Compute frame-level power for double-talk detection.
+        // --- Geigel double-talk detection ---
-        let near_power: f32 = nearend.iter().map(|&s| {
+        // If any near-end sample exceeds threshold * far_peak, assume
-            let f = s as f32;
+        // the local speaker is active and freeze adaptation.
-            f * f
+        let mut is_doubletalk = self.dtd_holdover > 0;
-        }).sum::<f32>() / n as f32;
+        if !is_doubletalk {
+            let threshold_level = self.geigel_threshold * self.far_peak;
+            for &s in nearend.iter() {
+                if (s as f32).abs() > threshold_level && self.far_peak > 100.0 {
+                    is_doubletalk = true;
+                    self.dtd_holdover = self.dtd_hold_frames;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if self.dtd_holdover > 0 {
+            self.dtd_holdover -= 1;
+        }
 
-        let far_start = (self.far_end_pos + fl * ((n / fl) + 1) - n) % fl;
+        // Check if far-end is active (otherwise nothing to cancel).
-        let far_power: f32 = (0..n).map(|i| {
+        let far_active = self.far_peak > 100.0;
-            let fe = self.far_end_buf[(far_start + i) % fl];
-            fe * fe
-        }).sum::<f32>() / n as f32;
 
-        // Smooth power estimates
+        // --- Leaky coefficient decay ---
-        self.far_power_avg += self.power_alpha * (far_power - self.far_power_avg);
+        // Applied once per frame for efficiency.
-        self.near_power_avg += self.power_alpha * (near_power - self.near_power_avg);
+        let decay = 1.0 - self.leak;
-
+        for c in self.filter.iter_mut() {
-        // Double-talk detection: if near-end is much louder than far-end,
+            *c *= decay;
-        // the local speaker is active — freeze adaptation.
+        }
-        let adapt = if self.far_power_avg < 1.0 {
-            // No far-end signal — nothing to cancel, skip adaptation
-            false
-        } else {
-            let ratio = self.near_power_avg / (self.far_power_avg + 1.0);
-            ratio < self.dt_threshold
-        };
 
         let mut sum_near_sq: f64 = 0.0;
         let mut sum_err_sq: f64 = 0.0;
@@ -106,76 +164,62 @@ impl EchoCanceller {
         for i in 0..n {
             let near_f = nearend[i] as f32;
 
-            // Estimate echo: dot(coeffs, farend_window)
+            // Position of far-end "now" for this near-end sample.
-            let base = (self.far_end_pos + fl * ((n / fl) + 2) + i - n) % fl;
+            let base = (self.far_pos + fl * ((n / fl) + 2) + i - n) % fl;
 
+            // --- Echo estimation: dot(filter, far_end_window) ---
             let mut echo_est: f32 = 0.0;
             let mut power: f32 = 0.0;
 
             for k in 0..fl {
                 let fe_idx = (base + fl - k) % fl;
-                let fe = self.far_end_buf[fe_idx];
+                let fe = self.far_buf[fe_idx];
-                echo_est += self.filter_coeffs[k] * fe;
+                echo_est += self.filter[k] * fe;
                 power += fe * fe;
             }
 
             let error = near_f - echo_est;
 
-            // NLMS coefficient update — only when not in double-talk
+            // --- NLMS adaptation (only when far-end active & no double-talk) ---
-            if adapt && power > 1.0 {
+            if far_active && !is_doubletalk && power > 10.0 {
-                let norm = power + 1.0;
+                let step = self.mu * error / (power + 1.0);
-                let step = self.mu * error / norm;
-
                 for k in 0..fl {
                     let fe_idx = (base + fl - k) % fl;
-                    let fe = self.far_end_buf[fe_idx];
+                    self.filter[k] += step * self.far_buf[fe_idx];
-                    self.filter_coeffs[k] += step * fe;
                 }
             }
 
-            // Residual echo suppression: when far-end is active, attenuate
+            let out = error.clamp(-32768.0, 32767.0);
-            // the residual to reduce perceptible echo.
-            let out = if self.far_power_avg > 100.0 && !adapt {
-                // Double-talk: pass through near-end with minimal suppression
-                error
-            } else if self.far_power_avg > 100.0 {
-                // Far-end active, not double-talk: apply suppression
-                error * (1.0 - self.suppress * (echo_est.abs() / (near_f.abs() + 1.0)).min(1.0))
-            } else {
-                // No far-end: pass through
-                error
-            };
-
-            let out = out.max(-32768.0).min(32767.0);
             nearend[i] = out as i16;
 
-            sum_near_sq += (near_f as f64) * (near_f as f64);
+            sum_near_sq += (near_f as f64).powi(2);
-            sum_err_sq += (out as f64) * (out as f64);
+            sum_err_sq += (out as f64).powi(2);
         }
 
         if sum_err_sq < 1.0 {
-            return 100.0;
+            100.0
+        } else {
+            (sum_near_sq / sum_err_sq).sqrt() as f32
         }
-        (sum_near_sq / sum_err_sq).sqrt() as f32
     }
 
-    /// Enable or disable echo cancellation.
     pub fn set_enabled(&mut self, enabled: bool) {
         self.enabled = enabled;
     }
 
-    /// Returns whether echo cancellation is currently enabled.
     pub fn is_enabled(&self) -> bool {
         self.enabled
     }
 
-    /// Reset the adaptive filter to its initial state.
     pub fn reset(&mut self) {
-        self.filter_coeffs.iter_mut().for_each(|c| *c = 0.0);
+        self.filter.iter_mut().for_each(|c| *c = 0.0);
-        self.far_end_buf.iter_mut().for_each(|s| *s = 0.0);
+        self.far_buf.iter_mut().for_each(|s| *s = 0.0);
-        self.far_end_pos = 0;
+        self.far_pos = 0;
-        self.far_power_avg = 0.0;
+        self.far_peak = 0.0;
-        self.near_power_avg = 0.0;
+        self.delay_ring.iter_mut().for_each(|s| *s = 0.0);
+        self.delay_write = 0;
+        self.delay_read = 0;
+        self.dtd_holdover = 0;
     }
 }
 
@@ -184,46 +228,40 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
-    fn aec_creates_with_correct_filter_len() {
+    fn creates_with_correct_sizes() {
-        let aec = EchoCanceller::new(48000, 30);
+        let aec = EchoCanceller::with_delay(48000, 60, 40);
-        assert_eq!(aec.filter_len, 1440);
+        assert_eq!(aec.filter_len, 2880); // 60ms @ 48kHz
-        assert_eq!(aec.filter_coeffs.len(), 1440);
+        assert_eq!(aec.delay_samples, 1920); // 40ms @ 48kHz
-        assert_eq!(aec.far_end_buf.len(), 1440);
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn aec_passthrough_when_disabled() {
+    fn passthrough_when_disabled() {
-        let mut aec = EchoCanceller::new(48000, 30);
+        let mut aec = EchoCanceller::new(48000, 60);
         aec.set_enabled(false);
-        assert!(!aec.is_enabled());
 
-        let original: Vec<i16> = (0..480).map(|i| (i * 10) as i16).collect();
+        let original: Vec<i16> = (0..960).map(|i| (i * 10) as i16).collect();
         let mut frame = original.clone();
-        let erle = aec.process_frame(&mut frame);
+        aec.process_frame(&mut frame);
-        assert_eq!(erle, 1.0);
         assert_eq!(frame, original);
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn aec_reset_zeroes_state() {
+    fn silence_passthrough() {
-        let mut aec = EchoCanceller::new(48000, 10);
+        let mut aec = EchoCanceller::with_delay(48000, 30, 0);
-        let farend: Vec<i16> = (0..480).map(|i| ((i * 37) % 1000) as i16).collect();
+        aec.feed_farend(&vec![0i16; 960]);
-        aec.feed_farend(&farend);
+        let mut frame = vec![0i16; 960];
-
+        aec.process_frame(&mut frame);
-        aec.reset();
+        assert!(frame.iter().all(|&s| s == 0));
-
-        assert!(aec.filter_coeffs.iter().all(|&c| c == 0.0));
-        assert!(aec.far_end_buf.iter().all(|&s| s == 0.0));
-        assert_eq!(aec.far_end_pos, 0);
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn aec_reduces_echo_of_known_signal() {
+    fn reduces_echo_with_no_delay() {
-        let filter_ms = 5;
+        // Simulate: far-end plays, echo arrives at mic attenuated by ~50%
-        let mut aec = EchoCanceller::new(48000, filter_ms);
+        // (realistic — speaker to mic on laptop loses volume).
+        let mut aec = EchoCanceller::with_delay(48000, 10, 0);
 
-        let frame_len = 480usize;
+        let frame_len = 480;
-        let make_frame = |offset: usize| -> Vec<i16> {
+        let make_tone = |offset: usize| -> Vec<i16> {
             (0..frame_len)
                 .map(|i| {
                     let t = (offset + i) as f64 / 48000.0;
@@ -233,11 +271,12 @@ mod tests {
         };
 
         let mut last_erle = 1.0f32;
-        for frame_idx in 0..40 {
+        for frame_idx in 0..100 {
-            let farend = make_frame(frame_idx * frame_len);
+            let farend = make_tone(frame_idx * frame_len);
             aec.feed_farend(&farend);
 
-            let mut nearend = farend.clone();
+            // Near-end = attenuated copy of far-end (echo at ~50% volume).
+            let mut nearend: Vec<i16> = farend.iter().map(|&s| s / 2).collect();
             last_erle = aec.process_frame(&mut nearend);
         }
 
@@ -248,37 +287,24 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn aec_silence_passthrough() {
+    fn preserves_nearend_during_doubletalk() {
-        let mut aec = EchoCanceller::new(48000, 10);
+        let mut aec = EchoCanceller::with_delay(48000, 30, 0);
-        aec.feed_farend(&vec![0i16; 480]);
-        let mut frame = vec![0i16; 480];
-        let erle = aec.process_frame(&mut frame);
-        assert!(erle >= 1.0);
-        assert!(frame.iter().all(|&s| s == 0));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn aec_preserves_nearend_during_doubletalk() {
-        // When only near-end is active (no far-end), output should
-        // closely match input — the AEC should not suppress speech.
-        let mut aec = EchoCanceller::new(48000, 30);
 
         let frame_len = 960;
-        let nearend_signal: Vec<i16> = (0..frame_len)
+        let nearend: Vec<i16> = (0..frame_len)
             .map(|i| {
                 let t = i as f64 / 48000.0;
                 (10000.0 * (2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * 440.0 * t).sin()) as i16
             })
             .collect();
 
-        // Feed silence as far-end
+        // Feed silence as far-end (no echo source).
         aec.feed_farend(&vec![0i16; frame_len]);
 
-        let mut frame = nearend_signal.clone();
+        let mut frame = nearend.clone();
         aec.process_frame(&mut frame);
 
-        // Output energy should be close to input energy (not suppressed)
+        let input_energy: f64 = nearend.iter().map(|&s| (s as f64).powi(2)).sum();
-        let input_energy: f64 = nearend_signal.iter().map(|&s| (s as f64).powi(2)).sum();
         let output_energy: f64 = frame.iter().map(|&s| (s as f64).powi(2)).sum();
         let ratio = output_energy / input_energy;
 
@@ -287,4 +313,23 @@ mod tests {
             "near-end speech should be preserved, energy ratio = {ratio:.3}"
         );
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn delay_buffer_holds_samples() {
+        let mut aec = EchoCanceller::with_delay(48000, 10, 20);
+        // 20ms delay = 960 samples @ 48kHz.
+        // After feeding, feed_farend auto-drains available samples to far_buf.
+        // So delay_available() is always 0 after feed_farend returns.
+        // Instead, verify far_pos advances only after the delay is filled.
+
+        // Feed 960 samples (= delay amount). No samples released yet.
+        aec.feed_farend(&vec![1i16; 960]);
+        // far_buf should still be all zeros (nothing released).
+        assert!(aec.far_buf.iter().all(|&s| s == 0.0), "nothing should be released yet");
+
+        // Feed 480 more. 480 should be released to far_buf.
+        aec.feed_farend(&vec![2i16; 480]);
+        let non_zero = aec.far_buf.iter().filter(|&&s| s != 0.0).count();
+        assert!(non_zero > 0, "samples should have been released to far_buf");
+    }
 }